[Changhui Camp] Confucianism at Jamaica Sugar Daddy Temple to worship Confucius, discussion of historical documents and a review of modern treatises

Source: An abbreviated version of this article was published in “The Development Road of Confucius Temples in China in the New Era” compiled by the China Confucius Temple Protection Association and the Propaganda Department of the Pan’an Security Committee of the Communist Party of China, National Daily Publishing House, 2018 Year Edition

Time: Confucius year 2569, the sixth day of the twelfth lunar month, Wushen

Jesus January 11, 2019

[Abstract] Worshiping Confucius in the Confucius Temple has now become an annual event in cross-strait, three places, East Asia and even some countries in Europe and the United States. Of course, some Confucius temples have gradually resumed the worship of Confucius in both ages, becoming more and more close to the traditional worship of Confucius in history. Moreover, as the national government attaches great importance to Confucius and Confucianism, the influence of worshiping Confucius is also growing. As the worship of Confucius is in full swing, we need to review the historical documents and modern treatises on the worship of Confucius in Confucius temples in order to provide important historical basis for the current activities and research of worshiping Confucius in Confucius temples, and to analyze the problems that will exist in future worship activities in Confucius temples. The problems should be corrected and the fine traditional culture of our Chinese nation should be better carried forward.

[Keywords] Worshiping Confucius in Confucius Temple, historical documents, modern treatises

1Jamaicans Escort, historical documents of Confucius Temple worship and discussion

There are relatively abundant historical documents regarding the worship of Confucius in the Confucius Temple. For example, the “Book of Sui” and “Kaiyuan Rites of the Tang Dynasty” of the Tang Dynasty contain precious historical materials about the Confucius Temple offering sacrifices to Confucius during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Song Lian’s “Yuan History·Memorial Chronicles”, Huang Zuo’s “Nan Yong Chronicles”, Zhang E’s “Dacheng Music and Dance Atlas”, Shi Jishi “Dacheng Ritual Music Collection”, etc. are the important historical documents and historical materials for the study of Confucius Temple worship in the Ming Dynasty. Li Zhoukan and Xie Lvzhong in the Qing Dynasty co-authored “Guoxue Rituals”, Wen Qing and Li Zongfang in the Qing Dynasty compiled “Qin Ding Guo Zijian Zhi”, Sun Chengze in the Qing Dynasty “Remaining Records of Chunming Dreams”, and “Ming and Qing Dynasty Records” are important research works in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties. The main historical documents of the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the Imperial College and the Confucius Temple in Beijing. As Wang Xiaobing said: “The Ding sacrifice rituals recorded in Ming and Qing literature are generally very similar, and the Qing Dynasty rituals clearly have traces of inheritance from the Ming Dynasty.” [1]

In addition, the etiquette department in the “Twenty-Four Histories” includes “Tongdian” written by Du You, a politician and historian in the Tang Dynasty, “Tongzhi” written by Zhengqiao of the Song Dynasty, and “Wenwen” compiled by Ma Duanlin in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty. “Tongkao”, “Manuscript of the Ministry of Rites” compiled by the official in the first year of Taichang in the Ming Dynasty, “Da Ming Collection of Rites”, “Da Ming Huidian”, “Ming Taixue Chronicle” of the Ming Dynasty, “Pan Gong Rites” written by Li Zhizao”Yue Shu”, “Kong Family Rituals” by Kong Jifen in the Qing Dynasty, “Shengmen Yue Zhi” by Kong Shangren, “Shengmen Liyue Tong” by Zhang Xingyan, “Lu Tongjie of Music Classics” written by Wang Xuan, “Lu Tongjie” written by Peng Qiwei “Xuegong Preparation”, Pang Zhonglu’s “An Examination of the Confucian Temple Sacrifice”, “Confucian Temple Ding Ji” written by Lan Xirui and others. Fortunately, someone rescued her later, otherwise she would not have survived. “Book of Ritual and Music of Pan Palace” by Zhang Anmao, Ying Baoshi’s “Records of Ritual and Music of Zhi Province”, Qiu Zhilu’s “Review of Ritual and Music of Ding Festival”, local chronicles of various provinces, cities and counties in China, all have information about the National Confucian Temple (including Beijing Confucius Temple) as well as local prefectures, prefectures, counties, and Weixue Confucian temples provide important historical materials for offering sacrifices to Confucius and Shimo. “Tongkao of Five Rites” written by Qin Huitian in the Qing Dynasty is a masterpiece on the study of modern Chinese rituals. This book combines information from the “Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics”, “Twenty-Four Histories” and other documents, analyzes them piece by piece, compares them by category, and appends examples to examine the five rites of good fortune, bad luck, guest, military, and good fortune. It is also extremely important. academic and documentary value.

2. Modern treatises on the study of worshiping Confucius in Confucian temples

According to the author’s collective assessment, the earliest person to talk about worshiping Confucius in the Beijing Confucius Temple after the reform and opening up was “Beijing Confucius Temple” compiled by the Capital Museum Qixin in 1983 [2]. The book is a very thin volume, only about 30 pages, and is accompanied by several architectural pictures. It mainly discusses the establishment and historical evolution of the Confucius Temple in Beijing, the architecture of the Confucius Temple, the activities of worshiping Confucius in the past dynasties, and the cultural relics and historic sites of the Confucius Temple, which has certain documentary and historical value. This part of the Confucius worshiping activities in the past dynasties mainly tells the time, place, ceremony and presiding officer of the Confucius worship ceremony in the Beijing Confucius Temple. It also tells the story of Yan Song’s worship of Confucius and the rape of Bai Bai in the Ming Dynasty. Finally, it also mentions the story of the Republic of China. In the early years, Yuan Shikai offered sacrifices to Confucius.

When talking about worshiping Confucius in Confucius Temple, we have to mention an important national academic organization-China Confucius Temple Protection Association. The China Confucius Temple Preservation Association is an academic, national social organization voluntarily formed by the management agencies and managers of Confucius temples (Confucian temples), academies, temples and memorial halls with Confucius temples and memorial halls across the country. It was approved by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 1994 Agree to be established. In September 1995, several Confucius temples in Qufu, Shandong, Beijing, Quzhou, Zhejiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Suzhou, Jiangsu, and Deyang, Sichuan jointly initiated the establishment of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association. The Qufu Confucius Temple and the Beijing Confucius Temple have jointly established association offices. The China Confucius Temple Preservation Association is the only national academic organization in China that carries out the protection, use and research of Confucian temple-type Confucian memorial buildings. It undertakes the protection, use and research of domestic Confucius temples, conducts communications with Confucius temples and Confucian organizations around the world, and promotes the cause of Confucius temples. development.

Looking back at the establishment history of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association, we will find that when it was first established, the protection and application of Confucius Temples was its focus. This purpose has been implemented to this day. Looking through the catalog of “Confucius Temple News” [3], the first issue published after its establishment, edited by Kong Xianglin, we see mostly articles about the protection and development and use of Confucius temples, such as SichuanFushun County Cultural Relics Protection and Management Institute Wang Mingzhang’s “Preliminary Study on the Maintenance, Protection and Utilization of the Confucian Temple”, Ruan Guanglu’s “Protecting and Repairing the Confucian Temple in Hanoi and the Imperial College to Inherit the National Cultural Heritage”, “A Brief Introduction to the Conservation and Utilization of Huangyan Confucius Temple”, Chang Xiyuan’s “Ancient The Six Pilgrimage Sacred Sites of the Six Pilgrimages of the Confucius Temple with New Appearances Are More Splendor – Talking about the Protection and Application of the Confucius Temple in Nanjing” and so on.

Since 1995, the China Confucius Temple Preservation Association has been creatively adhering to the purpose of protecting, researching, developing, and using Confucian temples and other Confucian monuments, and promoting the nation’s excellent traditional culture. Carry out work, hold annual meetings and academic seminars every year, publish more than 100 papers, and have a great impact. [4]

There are not many modern research works on worshiping Confucius in Confucian temples. This is closely related to the relative silence in etiquette research in today’s academic circles. Of course, this current calm situation is being effectively changed. The study of the Three Rites (Zhou Rites, Rites, and the Book of Rites) has always been the focus and difficulty of academic research. At this stage, the study of the three rituals in the academic world is increasingly heating up. Chen Shuguo’s “History of Chinese Rites” [5] published in 1998 can be said to be a masterpiece in the study of modern rituals. It is comprehensive and comprehensive. Not included. The focus is still on the aspects of offering sacrifices to heaven, earth, ancestors, and the state. It also summarizes and summarizes the etiquette of offering sacrifices to Confucius in Confucius temples, which provides a documentary basis for future research on offering sacrifices to Confucius in Confucius temples.

Research on the worship of Confucius in Confucius temples, as Chinese civilization moves towards a comprehensive renaissance, especially since the 21st century, the gradual recovery of Confucius temples across the country and the integration of the three places across the Taiwan Strait Worshiping Confucius, as well as vigorous publicity and reporting by CCTV, local satellite TV, and online media, seems to be heating up in recent years, and some latest academic research results have appeared on Confucius temples and the rituals and music of worshiping Confucius. This is all gratifying and commendable.

In 2001, Jiang Fan and Ai Chunhua published the monograph “Jamaicans Escort ” is an important work on the study of elegant music in Confucius Temple. The book discusses in detail the history of music used to worship Confucius and the composition of Confucius temple elegant music, the changes and development of Confucius temple music, music titles, and scores, the historical origins of Confucius temple elegant music, the content, situation and historical origins of Confucius temple memorial dances, Confucius temple music and dance The preparation and playing of musical instruments, the application and evolution of the eight-tone instrument in the Confucius Temple, the process of music for the Confucius ceremony, the vocal training of elegant music singers in the Qufu Confucius Temple, and the music and dance students, music and dance decorations and guiding music of the Qufu Confucius Temple. The music rhythm and rotating palace modulations of Ding sacrifices in the Qing Dynasty were researched, the music and dance of Confucius temple and the modern music aesthetics were expounded, and the music scores of Confucius sacrifices in previous dynasties were preserved. As the famous scholar Luo Chenglie commented in the preface of the book, “Guangfa used a large number of rich historical materials to explore and demonstrate the origin, composition and development of Confucius Temple elegant music in the past dynasties. Musical instruments and dance arrangements are carried outThrough careful research, it fills the gaps in the history of modern music. Finally, it was elevated to a theoretical level, and the Confucius Temple elegant music discussed modern Chinese aesthetic thoughts and musical aesthetics. …In the early 1980s, after Jiang and Ai discovered and compiled the music and dance to commemorate Confucius, the music and dance were performed many times in Qufu, Beijing, Shanghai and Japan (Japan).” [6] The book provides a detailed account of the music and dance to commemorate Confucius in the past dynasties. The literature was carefully sorted out and studied, providing good professional guidance and intellectual support for the practice of Confucius rituals and music in Qufu Confucius Temple, Beijing Confucius Temple and other places.

In 2004, the annual meeting was held. It was held grandly at the Confucius Temple in Beijing. After the meeting, the “Proceedings of the China Confucius Temple Preservation Association” with rich content and beautiful binding was published [7]. In addition to continuing the topic of “Protection and Application of Confucius Temples”, the book also added “Confucius Temples.” “Historical Evolution”, “Architectural Characteristics of Confucius Temples”, and “Confucius Temples and the Spread of Confucianism” have more substantial content. However, there are almost no articles about Confucius Temples worshiping Confucius in the book, and the only relevant article is the first The article “The Canonization of Duke Yansheng and the Memorial Ceremony at the Confucius Temple” written by Kong Xiangfeng and Peng Qingtao of Qufu provides a detailed retrospective examination of the history of the canonization of Duke Yansheng and the memorial ceremony at the Confucius Temple in Qufu.

In 2007, Kong Deping and Peng Qingtao compiled the book “General Explanation of Memorials at Qufu Confucius Temple” [8]. This book provides an in-depth and easy-to-understand outline of the historical evolution of memorial ceremonies at Qufu Confucius Temple. Research.

In 2008, Wang Xiaobing published the book “Nanzong Sacrifice to Confucius”. The preface of the book mentioned: In September 2004, it was suspended for more than half a century. The Confucian Confucian Confucian Confucius Ceremony was re-opened, and has been held every year for five consecutive years. Unlike other situations in history, the Confucian Confucius Confucius Confucius Ceremony in the new era is positioned as a “contemporary sacrifice to Confucius” and a “commoner sacrifice.” “Confucius”. [9] The book is divided into four parts: “History”, “Theory”, “Practice” and “Future”. The first part includes the Confucius Temple, which tells the historical composition of the ritual of worshiping Confucius, the four seasons Ding sacrifices, ritual utensils, sacrifices and music and dance, Quzhou Confucius Temple’s worship of Confucius. The third part includes Confucius’s Nanzong Family Temple (which includes a section on the modern ceremony of worshiping Confucius), Quzhou’s modern worship of Confucius (which includes the modern ceremony of worshiping Confucius). The fourth part includes the Congjia Jamaicans Escort pays tribute to local public welfare festivals and the economic and recreational development of Nanzong’s worship of Confucius. If you want to know more about the history and present of Nanzong’s worship of Confucius, you can refer to this book. p>

In 2009, Kong Deping, Peng Qingtao, and Meng Ji’s new book “Research on the Festival of Jamaica Sugar Kong Liyue” [ 10] The book will.The focus is on the ritual utensils, musical instruments, movements, Yi dances, and the ceremony of worshiping Confucius in Qufu; its summary and list of the history of the Confucius Temple also laid a good foundation for further research.

In 2009, Yang Yitang compiled “The Ceremony of Commemoration to Confucius” [11] (with CD), which provides information on the history of commemoration of Confucius, recent ceremonies and sacrifices to Confucius. The sages and sages of Confucius, the memorial ceremony of Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as the 2007 and 2008 Qufu Confucius Temple memorial ceremonies were merged with Beijing Confucius Temple, Shanghai Confucian Temple, Quzhou Confucius Temple, Changchun Confucian Temple, Harbin Confucian Temple, Quanzhou Confucian Temple, and Taipei Confucian Temple The ceremony of worshiping ConfuciusJamaicans Escort is briefly discussed; at the same time, the book provides a civilized interpretation of the music and dance of worshiping Confucius, which is of great significance to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The music and dance diagrams and music scores of the Confucius Memorial Ceremony, as well as the lyrics, memorial essays and poems for the memorial ceremony have been included, preserving for us precious historical materials of the Confucius Memorial Ceremony.

In 2010, coinciding with the 2560th anniversary of the birth of Confucius, the Taipei City authorities and the Taipei Confucius Temple held the “2010 Spring Festival and Confucius in the World: International Academic Symposium on Confucius Temples and Ceremonies” , and after the meeting, the “Proceedings of the International Academic Symposium “Confucius in the World: Confucius Temples and Sacrifice Codes” was published. As Huang Lujinru, director of the Civil Affairs Bureau of the Taipei City Government and chairman of the Taipei City Confucius Temple Management Committee, said in “Preface 1”: Taiwan has not discontinued “sacrifice to Confucius” since the Qing Dynasty. For Taipei City, since the Confucius Temple was built during the Japanese colonial period, although it has experienced hardships and hardshipsJamaica Sugar, it has never stopped. Let’s go through this important event: the inheritance and preservation of the ancient ritual of worshiping Confucius. The Taipei City Government and the Taipei City Confucius Temple Management Committee believe that at the beginning of a new century at the turn of the generation, it is even more important to reflect on this cultural tradition that has been passed down for thousands of years and to think about its life motivation of “coming from a source of stagnant water”, and then ” With the spirit of “the mountains are high and the rivers are long” and “the mountains are high and the rivers are long”, we will organize a spring festival in 2010. At the same time, we will invite more experts and scholars at home and abroad who have long been concerned about Confucianism and Confucius to attend the meeting and hold a “world’s first spring festival”. “Confucius: International Academic Symposium on Confucius Temples and Sacrifice” will discuss the tradition and innovation of Confucius rituals, the positioning of Confucius temples in the changes of social civilization, the stimulation and integration of Confucianism by modern ideological trends, and other issues, and will be presented at a practical level at home and abroad. The different yi dances that have been preserved provide Chinese people with a broader international platform to re-face their thoughts on the connection between traditional culture and modern spirit. [12]

This collection of papers includes a total of 16 articles from domestic and foreign scholars. Among them, mainland scholars such as Kong Xianglin, Wang Xiaobing, and Yang Chaoming all participated in the conference and Submitted papers for the conference. Most of the topics discussed by the participating scholars were related to the worship of Confucius in Confucian temples, such as Wei Weisen’s “Sacrifice to Confucius and Confucianism’s Views on Gods””Concept”, Lin Hexuan’s “Dancing Movements of the Korean Confucian Temple’s Shidian Dance”, Jiang Qiuhua’s “On the Application of Yan Ruochu’s Textual Research Methods – Taking Confucius Temple as an Example”, Gong Xiaoyun’s “Creative Interpretation: Jiang Wenye’s Confucius Temple Dasheng Music> and Traditional Confucian Worship Music”, Kim Yong-bok’s “The Aesthetics of Temple Dance”, Kim Tian-ho’s “Comparison of Sacrifice Food Types Popular in Korea Today”, Li Zhuoran’s “Worship Confucius and Enlighten Smart People: Singapore and Malaysia” “Chinese Confucian Worship Activities”, Lin Taisheng’s “The Appearance of the Holy: Body Situation and Symbolic Power”, Wang Xiaobing’s “Qufu Confucius Temple and the Ceremony of the Confucius in the Eyes of German Missionaries”, Mizuguchi Takuhisa’s “On Taiwan from 1968 to January” “Improvement of Confucius Ritual and Music in 1970”, Chen Yuxiu’s “Exploration of the Physical and Mental Structure of Yi Dance”, Kim Sung-ki’s “The Origin of the Music and Dance of the Confucian Temple’s Sacrifice”, Su Bingheng’s “The Evolution of the Organization of the Confucian Temple’s Sacrifice Band”, etc., all started from different Angle has made in-depth research, interpretation and analysis on the Confucius Temple’s worship of Confucius.

In 2010, Taiwanese scholar Huang Jinxing published the book “Excellent Access to the Holy Land—Power, Belief and Legitimacy” [13], which received strong response from academic circles on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. This book is regarded as the most representative work of Mr. Huang Jinxing, an academician of the Academia Sinica in Taiwan, and the most important work on the study of the Confucius Temple memorial system in the field of Chinese intellectual history. The most significant JM Escorts aspect of this book is the study of the historical sacrificial system of Confucius Temples. This book believes JM Escorts that in traditional society, the Confucius Temple is the most dazzling intersection of cultural power and political power, and as a global historical Religion and the Confucius Temple are also fascinating. In the second part of the book, “The Emperor, Confucian Scholars and the Confucian Temple”, the author discusses the political ideology of the early Qing Dynasty: the politicized view of Taoism, the relationship between Taoism and governance: discussing imperial power from the reconstruction of the Confucius Temple in the ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1530) and sacrificial etiquette, power and belief: the formation, scholarship and belief of the sacrificial system of Confucius temples: on the sacrificial system and Confucian contextual consciousness of Confucius temples, the deconstruction and reorganization of Confucius temples: the dilemmas arising from the transformation of traditional culture, and the discussion of orthodoxy and orthodoxy The intricate relationships between governance, imperial power and memorial etiquette, power, scholarship and belief have been deeply studied and analyzed. In the fourth section appendix, he also discusses Xunzi: Attendees of Confucian Temple Sacrifice? A historical assessment of the Confucius Temple’s memorial service was conducted from another perspective.

In July 2010, the 13th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held in Chaoyang Confucius Temple, Shantou City, and the “Paper of the 13th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association” was “Collection”. In the collection of papers that year, there are seven articles about the memorial ceremony in the Confucius Temple. They are Han Ying’s “Explanation of the Memorial Ceremony in the Confucius Temple in Beijing in the Qing DynastyJM EscortsStyle Summary”, Chang Huiying’s “The History of Beijing Confucius Temple”History and Cultural Implications”, Shao Hong, Jamaica Sugar Fei Yanan’s “Exploration on the Restoration and Display of the Confucius Sacrifice in Tianjin Confucian Temple”, Wang Zhansheng “A Brief Discussion on the Sacrificial Ceremony of Jilin Confucian Temple”, Liu Xubing’s “The Civilization Implications of the Memorial Ceremony in the Confucius Temple”, Peng Qingtao and Meng Jixin’s “A Study on the Evolution of the Ceremonial Music of the Confucius Temple in Qufu”, Liu Yan and Lu Feng’s “A Brief Analysis of the Memorial Ceremony of the Confucius Family Temple in Qufu” Activity”.

In 2011, “Study on Confucius Temples in the World” [14] written by Kong Xianglin and Kong Zhe can also be said to be the most comprehensive collection of Confucius Temple studies since the founding of New China. The classification, history, etiquette of Confucius temples, Confucius temples around the world, etc. have been thoroughly and carefully discussed and compared. The focus is still on Confucius temples, and there is also a lot of discussion on the etiquette of Confucius temples. All these provide good documentary support for this book’s in-depth study of the Confucius Temple’s worship of Confucius.

In 2011, Qu Yingjie wrote the book “History of Confucius Temple”. [15] The book mainly discusses the life of Confucius, the Confucius Temple in Qufu, the Confucius Temple in Beijing, local Confucius temples, and overseas Confucius temples. At the same time, in the process of discussing the Confucius Temple in Beijing, various local Confucius temples, and overseas Confucius temples, the author examines the origin, development, and perfection process of worshiping Confucius in Confucius temples and related activities in Confucius temples.

In July 2011, the 14th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held in Harbin Confucian Temple, and there was “Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association” Gather. In the collection of papers that year, there are three articles about the Confucius Temple. They are “Beijing Confucius Temple and the Civilization Implications” by Chang Huiying, Zhang Jinlei’s “Research on the Suzhou Confucian Temple’s Commemoration”, and Yan Yanan’s “A Brief Analysis of the Music and Dance of Confucius.” Development Process”.

In 2012, Qian Chunsong’s “Institutionalized Confucianism and its Disintegration” [16] (revised edition) JM Escorts is officially published. This book regards Confucianism as an institutionalized existence, and explores the interaction between Confucianism and Chinese society from two levels: “Institutionalization of Confucianism” and “Confucianization of institutions”, laying the foundation for a comprehensive examination of Confucianism. The historical effect provides a new perspective and a new explanation for the fate of Confucianism losing the support of the system and falling into disintegration in modern times. The book breaks through Jamaica Sugar the “history of concepts” popular in academic circles: “Can’t you continue to serve your queen after you get married?” Seeing that there were many married sisters-in-law in the house, the servant continued to serve the empress. The Confucian research framework of “Caiyi’s Doubt.” has created a new research path that takes into account both the history of thought and the sociological stance of knowledge. In the section “Confucius’ Sageization” in the second chapter of the book, “The Institutionalization of Confucianism”, the author starts from the perspective of saints, King Su, Confucius TempleThe theme of the book is analyzed from the two dimensions of worship and sacrifice system. The author believes: “The prototype of the Confucius Temple was gradually formed as a place to store Confucius’ relics and carry out memorial activities due to the mourning in the later generations of Confucius. However, this place called ‘Kongli’ because Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, was in When passing through the State of Lu, the most fundamental change occurred when Tailao was used to worship Confucius, and it changed the nature of the Confucius Temple to a great extent, because after the Han Emperor worshiped, the princes and ministers would pay homage to the Confucius Temple. As a kind of political etiquette…Jamaicans Sugardaddy Due to the continuous promotion of Confucius’ position, the worship of Confucius Temple gradually shifted from the disciples to the court. Behavior.”[17] Qian Chunsong correctly pointed out: “If the formation of the Confucian classics system is a symbol of the ideologicalization of Confucianism, then the Confucius Temple is the material expression of Confucian values. Therefore, when legal resources become scarcer, The admiration for Confucius became even greater.” [18] He pointed out: “The system of sharing and worshiping in Confucian temples made Confucian scholars pursue not only fame in the political system, but also an immortal position in the Confucian tradition. Therefore, in a sense, worshiping in the Confucian Temple is the ultimate pursuit of Confucian scholars, but the qualification to worship is also closely related to real politics.” [19] It should be said that Qian Chunsong was committed to the unity of temple studies and the harmony of Confucian temples. The analysis of the sacrificial system is extremely insightful.

In July 2012, the 15th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held in Tianjin Confucian Temple, and the “Proceedings of the 15th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association” Gather. In the collection of papers that year, there are four articles about memorials in Confucius temples. They are Zhang Yansheng’s “A Brief Discussion on the Historical Evolution of Confucius’ Sacrifice Situations”, Chang Huiying’s “Several Issues and Civilization Implications of Modern Worship and Interpretation of Confucius”, and Li Hongwei’s “A Preliminary Study on the Etiquette of Worshiping Confucius” and Yan Yanan’s “A Brief Analysis and Thoughts on the Development of Music and Dance to Worship Confucius”.

In 2013, the 16th Annual Meeting of the Chinese Confucius Temple Association was held at the Changchun Confucian Temple in Jilin. After the meeting, the book “The Dream of the Future of Chinese Confucian Temples (Confucius Temples) – China” was published. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Confucius Temple Preservation Association [20]. This annual meeting also selected the outstanding papers from the previous three annual meetings and this annual meeting and published them in a book. In the collection of papers that year, there were eight articles about memorials in Confucius temples. They were “The Relay of History – The Inheritance and Evolution of Confucianism from the Perspective of Sharing and Worshiping in Confucius Temples” by Kong Deping and Yang Jinquan, “Modern Sacrifice” by Chang Huiying “Several Issues and Cultural Implications of the Confucius Temple”, Liu Xubing’s “Confucius Temple Memorial and the Evolution of Confucianism”, Kong Lingren and Jin Shangjin’s “Wenzhou Confucius Temple’s Etiquette of Worshiping Confucius and its Cultural Significance”, Huang Xuemin’s “Harbin Confucian Temple” “Discussion on “Sacrifice Specifications”” by Lin Jiang, “A Brief Analysis of the “Four Matches” of the Confucius Temple”, Han Ying’s “A Brief Description of the Sacrifice Patterns of the Confucius Temple in Beijing during the Qing Dynasty”, Zhang Yansheng and Liang Lijin’s “A Brief Discussion on the Historical Evolution of Confucius’ Sacrifice Situations”.

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In 2014, Dong Xining published the book “Research on Memorials in Confucius Temple” [21]. The author believes that worship in Confucius Temple is a common ceremonial activity in modern China. It is not only the main component of learning rituals, but also the main measure for the country to implement education. A complete memorial service to Confucius mainly consists of the following elements: memorial venue, memorial time, sacrifice recipients, sacrificers, memorial objects, memorial musicJamaica Sugar Daddydance and memorial ceremony, etc. In the two thousand years of history of worshiping Confucius, these factors have undergone great changes. This book conducts a relatively comprehensive and profound study of the Confucius Temple memorial ceremony from the aspects of the Confucius Temple, those who enjoy the sacrifices, the sacrificers, the sacrifices and the sacrifice vessels, the music and dance of the memorial ceremony, the names of the sacrifices and the procedures for interpretation. It also examines the activity of worshiping Confucius from the perspective of etiquette. The comprehensive assessment of etiquette, etiquette, gifts, etc. as an organic whole has major social and practical significance.

In 2014, the 17th annual meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held in Nanning Confucian Temple. After the meeting, the book “The Contemporary Value of the Civilization Function of Confucius Temples – Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association” [22] was published. There are five papers in the book on worshiping Confucius in the Confucius Temple, namely “A Brief Analysis of the Memorial Activities at the Confucius Family Temple in Qufu” by Liu Yan and Lu Feng, “A Study of the Evolution of the Ceremony and Music at the Confucius Temple in Qufu” by Peng Qingtao and Meng Jixin, and Zeng Xiaohong’s “Inscriptions on the Confucian Temple in Suzhou”, Chang Huiying’s “An Examination of the National Worshiping of Confucius from the Pre-Qin to the Han Dynasty”, Chen Xin’s “Quality is promoted by generation, beauty is changed by customs” – music and dance in the Temple of Confucius among the intangible cultural heritage 》.

In December 2014, Zhu Honglin’s book “Confucius Temple Sacrifice and Township Agreement” [23] was published. There are thirteen papers in this book, divided into two groups. The issue of worshiping Confucian temples discussed in the first eight chapters is essentially the principles and standards for weighing academics in the Ming Dynasty. This shows how the imperial court and the common opinions of the time viewed Taoism and individual figures (such as Wang Yangming). The last five chapters discuss rural covenants, including two general chapters and three specific cases. In the management of local society in the Ming Dynasty, clans and gentry played an important role. The customs education led by scholars in the countryside and the relatively strict Lijia and Baojia systems led by the government were interchangeable and complementary to each other. This was the rural convention. The reason why the system became increasingly popular at that time. This book belongs to the Zhu Honglin Ming History Research Series (a total of 3 volumes), which also includes “Confucian Thoughts and Sources” and “Confucian Studies in the Ming Dynasty” Research and Theoretical Miscellaneous Works. “Zhu Honglin Ming History Research Series” is a systematic collection of his previous special research, fully presenting his outstanding achievements in the field of Ming history for many years.

In October 2015, the 18th annual meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held at the Confucian Temple in Fenzhou Prefecture, Shanxi, and the “18th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association Collection of Papers”. In the collection of papers that year, there are nine articles about the Confucius Temple Memorial. They are “A Brief Discussion on the History and Ceremony of the Confucius Temple in Qufu” by Kong Jian.”Inheritance”, Zhang Shuai and Chen Jing’s “A Preliminary Study on the System of Memorial Ceremony in the Emperor’s Palace in the Qing Dynasty”, Sun Shengli and Ding Lei’s “A Preliminary Study on the Field Sacrifice in Qufu Confucius Temple”, Ma Jinli’s “Research on the Educational Significance of the Series of Memorial Activities in Hangzhou Confucius Temple to Young People”, Kong Xianglin “The Social Function of Confucius Temple – Chongde, Baoben and Enlightenment”, Zhang Zheng’s “Introduction to Worshiping Fujian Confucian Confucians in Qufu Confucius Temple”, Wang Rui’s “The Evolution of the Rite of Serving Vegetables”, Chang Huiying’s “Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties” A Textual Research on National Memorials to Confucius during the Period” and Cui Qian’s “Tongzhi and Zhongxing Dynasty’s Memorial Ceremony – Taking the Bronze Gui of Hangzhou Confucius Temple as the Center”. After the annual meeting, my article “An Examination of National Memorials to Confucius during the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties” was selected by the editor of Jiading Confucius Temple’s “Imperial Examination Studies Series” and published in that year’s “2015 Imperial Examination Studies Series” (Second Series) ).

2016Jamaica Sugar Daddy, the 19th annual meeting of China Confucius Temple Protection Association The meeting was held at the Confucian Temple in Deyang, Sichuan. After the meeting, the book “Observation and Expansion of Confucius Temple Civilization” [24] was published. There are nine research articles on worshiping Confucius in Confucian temples in the book, including “Chongde Baoben Cultivating – The Social Function of Confucian Temples” by Kong Xianglin, “Ritual Construction and Reconstruction of Beliefs – About Confucian Temple Sacrifice” by Liu Zhangze, Li Feng and Zhao Jiarong Thoughts on etiquette activities” JM Escorts, Chang Huiying’s “A Survey of National Sacrifice to Confucius and Buddhists in the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties”, Ma Jinli’s “A study on the educational significance of Confucius Temple’s Jamaica Sugar series of activities in Hangzhou Confucius Temple on the education of young people”, Sun Fang’s “Essays on Confucius Worships in the Past Dynasties in Qufu (Congratulations)” )”, Wu Yijuan and Qiu Duanya’s “A Brief Interdependence between Modern Confucian Temples and Confucian Civilization – Taking the Confucian Ceremonial Instruments at Quanzhou Prefecture Confucian Temple as an Example”, Zhang Shuai and Chen Jing’s “A Preliminary Study on the System of Sacrifice in the Emperor’s Palace in the Qing Dynasty”, Li Shaoxian’s “Explanation of Ancient Rituals and Deyang Confucian Temple’s Worship of Confucius in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China”, Li Feng and Cheng Fenghuai’s “Confucian Temple Worships Confucian Confucians from Sichuan – An Essay on the Thoughts and Performances of Zhang Shi and Wei Liaowen”.

In March 2017, Jiang Shuhong’s book “Research on Qing Confucianism in Worshiping Confucius Temple” was published Jamaicans Escort[25]. The author believes that the rulers of all dynasties attached great importance to the worship of Confucius in the temple. After the Qing army entered Jamaica Sugar Pass and established its rule across the country, In order to resolve the spiritual tension caused by long-term confrontation and restore the basic ethical order of society as soon as possible, while consecrating Confucius, the number of worshipers was continuously increased.Among the offerings of Confucian temples in the Qing Dynasty, the worship of Confucian scholars was particularly important, and was most closely related to the civilized policy of the Qing Dynasty. During the Yongzheng period, the civilized policy of advocating Confucianism and Taoism was reflected in the worship of Confucian temples, which meant that many famous Neo-Confucian scholars were allowed to worship in Confucian temples. Yongzheng also set the precedent of worshiping famous Neo-Confucian scholars in the same dynasty, and LuJamaica Sugar Long Qi pushed it to the Confucius Temple. During the Qianjia period, Hanology was at its peak. Although Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was high in the temples, it tended to decline. After Daoguang, out of the need to save the crisis, the Qing rulers continued to advocate and strengthen the civilized policy of advocating Confucianism and Taoism, and adopted some measures to improve the status of Neo-Confucianism, highlighted by the method of enshrining famous Confucian scholars who represented the Qing Dynasty to actively encourage . With the support of the rulers’ policies, Lu Longqi, Sun Qifeng, Zhang Luxiang and other representative scholars of the Qing Dynasty successively came to the Confucius Temple. Sun Qifeng worshiped at the Confucius Temple, which reflected the rise of “True Learning” during the Daoguang period and the social trend of reconciliation between the Han and Song Dynasties. Zhang Luxiang’s consecration was based on the fact that his image of a famous Confucian scholar in Neo-Confucianism was gradually recognized by society. In the context of the country’s eagerness to promote “correct learning” to strengthen its symbolic authority, he finally achieved victory through the unremitting efforts of Zhejiang officials and gentry. In the late years of Guangxu, three major Confucian scholars, Gu, Huang, and Wang, worshiped in the Confucian Temple. This was an unusual move by the Qing court under the specific background of the times. The Qing government allowed the three major Confucian scholars to worship, mainly because the three major Confucian schools had both It is in line with the changes of the times and does not deviate from China’s inherent classics and history. It can satisfy the Qing government’s desire to not only seek reforms but also maintain the national essence and stabilize its rule during the New Deal period. In short, as an important part of the cultural policy of the Qing rulers, the worship of Confucians in the Qing Dynasty can not only reflect the evolution of the cultural policy of the Qing Dynasty, but also reflect the changes in social trends of thought in different periods, and is closely connected with the general trend of social changes in the Qing Dynasty.

In August 2017, the book “Research on the Etiquette of Buddhist Ceremony in Confucian Temple” written by Liu Xubing and Fang Wei was published [26]. The author believes that as a “national sacrifice” in traditional Chinese society, the prototype of the Confucian Temple’s memorial ceremony can be traced back to the year of Confucius’ deathJamaicans Escort. It is not only It expresses the respect and admiration of later generations for Confucius himself and the Confucian sages of the past dynasties, and also reflects the admiration of traditional society for the values ​​established by Confucius. In addition, the Confucian Temple’s Buddhist temple has also moved from China to the world, which can be regarded as a successful example of Chinese civilization’s “going out” in history. The book “A Study on the Ceremony of the Ceremony of the Ceremony of the Confucian Temple” is composed of seven parts. It details the formation and development of the ceremony of the Ceremony of the Confucian Temple, and conducts a specialized analysis of the Confucian Temple’s architectural system and worship system that are closely related to the Ceremony of the Ceremony of the Confucian Temple. Researched and systematically analyzed the ideological and cultural connotation of the Confucian Temple’s interpretation from the perspectives of culture, politics, religion, etc. This book pays special attention to the continuation and development of the ritual of laying a memorial ceremony for Confucian temples in contemporary society, and puts forward a new concept of the ritual of laying a memorial ceremony for contemporary Confucian temples. This is undoubtedly of great value to the civilized construction of the holy land of Qufu and to the development of the current ceremony of offering sacrifices to the Confucian Temple.

In October 2017, the 20th annual meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held at the Jingde Confucian Temple in Anhui Province. After the meeting, the book “Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association” [27] was published. There are five research articles on worshiping Confucius in the Confucius Temple in the book, namely “A Study of the Music and Dance of Worshiping Confucius in Qufu” by Chen Jingqiu and Kong Jian, “An Overview of the Confucius Worshiping Activities in Tianjin Confucian Temple during the Republic of China” by Chen Tong, and “A Survey of the Music and Dance of Worshiping Confucius in the Confucian Temple in Tianjin during the Republic of China” by Chen Tong and Kong Jian and Liu Cui “A Brief Discussion on the History and Inheritance of the Ceremony of Worshiping Confucius at Qufu Confucius Temple” by Chang Huiying, “Beijing Confucius Temple Worshiping Confucius and its Cultural Implications after the Founding of the People’s Republic of China” by Chang Huiying, Liu Yue’s “Two Steles of Princess Da Changzhi Worshiping Confucius Temple in the First Year of the First Year” by Liu Yue Analysis”.

In January 2018, hosted by Qufu Ritual and Music Culture Research and Dissemination Center, China Confucius Institute Ritual and Music JM Escorts Organized by the Cultural Center and the Institute of Chinese Rituals and Music Culture of Qufu Normal University, the book “New Rites and Music” [28] edited by Song Lilin was published. This book integrates the papers of many famous experts and scholars on modern and contemporary Chinese rituals and music, and is divided into “rituals and music culture and the Chinese atmosphere”, “rituals and music culture and the spirit of the times”, “rituals and music tradition and modern culture” and “research on the history of rituals” There are several sections including “Review of Music History” and “Review and Prospect of Ritual and Music Research”. The book contains a total of 34 papers, including 10 articles on the study of worshiping Confucius in Confucian temples, accounting for about one-third of the total. Among them, Yang Chaoming’s “Pros and Loss” and “Known for All Generations” of the Ritual System – An Examination of Contemporary Issues in the Ceremony of the Confucian Temple’s Ceremony and Liu Xubing’s “The Meaning of Reversing the Original and Renovating the Ancient Sacrifice – The Construction of the Ceremony of the Ceremony of the Contemporary Confucian Temple” ”, Li Jixiang’s “Explanation of the Ancient Sacrifice Dian Rites in the Pre-Confucius Era”, “Two Trends in the Canonization of Confucius in the Western Han Dynasty: Blood and Non-blood Relations”, Kong Xianglin’s “The Development of the Sacrifice Dian Ritual”, Chen Dong’s “The Sacrifice Dian Ritual System and Confucius” “Revelation in the Confucian Temple” by Chang Huiying, “A Textual Research on the National Sacrifice to Confucius in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties” by Fang Wei, “A Textual Research on the Sacrifice System of the Confucian Temple” by Yang Chaoming, “The Confucian Temple Worship and Its Educational Effect” by Lin Hexuan of South Korea. Historical origins and its philosophical background. From this point of view, the study of worshiping Confucius in Confucius Temple has gradually become the top priority of the study of rituals and music culture.

On November 14, 2018, the 21st annual meeting of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association was held in Pan’an County (Confucian Temple), Zhejiang Province. After the meeting, the book “The Development Road of Confucius Temples in China in the New Era” was published [29]. There are seven research articles on the worship of Confucius in Confucius temples in the book, including Hu Lihong’s “A Study of the Personnel of the Officiating Sacrifice and Attachment of the Sacrificial Liturgy in the Southern Song Dynasty”, Zhang Xiaoxu’s “On Chinese Confucius Temple Studies in the New Era”, Luo Xiuhua’s “Interpretation of Music and Dance of Confucius Temple Worships”, Li Yan “The Memorial Activities of the Confucius Temple in Pingxiang”, Kong Liyuan and Li Yuguo “The Development and Practical Significance of the Ceremony of Worshiping Confucius”, Yang Xiaoda “The Emperor’s Personal Worship of Confucius and the Sacrificial Utensils in the Confucius Temple”, and Chang Huiying’s “A Review of Historical Documents and Modern Treatises on the Study of Worshiping Confucius in the Confucius Temple”.

Conclusion

Confucianism in the Confucius Temple, with China’s political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural renaissance, has now become an annual event in cross-strait, three places, East Asia, and even some countries in Europe and the United States. Of course, most mainland Chinese people choose to hold memorial ceremonies on September 28, the birthday of Confucius in the Gregorian calendar. Some Confucius temples have gradually resumed the worship of Confucius in spring and autumn, which is more and more close to the traditional worship of Confucius in history. Moreover, as the national government attaches great importance to Confucius and Confucianism and vigorously promotes the rejuvenation, innovation and development of China’s excellent traditional civilization, the influence of worshiping Confucius is also growing. As the worship of Confucius is in full swing, we have reviewed the historical documents of the Confucius Temple and Jamaicans Sugardaddy and modern treatises, which can provide some guidance. Jamaicans Sugardaddy The current activities and research on worshiping Confucius in Confucius Temples provide important historical basis, and correct the problems existing in future activities of worshiping Confucius in Confucius Temples , to better carry forward the excellent traditional culture of our Chinese nation.

About the author: Chang Huiying, male, Han nationality, from Shouguang, Shandong. PhD in Chinese Philosophy from Beijing Normal University. He currently works in the Research Department of the Confucius Temple and the Imperial College Museum as an associate research librarian; a part-time researcher at the Qufu Rites and Music Culture Center of the China Confucius Institute; and a distinguished professor at Hengshui University. He concurrently serves as a director of the Confucius Society of China, a director of the Chinese Practical Learning Seminar, and the deputy secretary-general of the Dong Zhongshu Seminar of the Confucius Institute of China. The main research directions are Confucian philosophy, The Analects of Confucius, studies of Confucius and his disciples, the etiquette of worshiping Confucius, and the history and culture of the Confucius Temple and the Imperial College.

Note:

[1] Wang Xiaobing: “On the Measurement Standards for the Authenticity of Intangible Cultural Heritage – Taking the Confucius Ceremony as an Example”, “Cultural Heritage”, Issue 04, 2010. This article is also published in the “Proceedings of the International Forum on “Aesthetics and Cultural Ecological Construction”” compiled by the Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage Research Center of Sun Yat-sen University, September 2010.

Jamaica Sugar[2] Edited by Qi Xin: “Beijing Confucius Temple”, Cultural Relics Book Club, 1983 edition.

[3] Editor-in-Chief Kong Xianglin: “Confucius Temple Newsletter” (Internal Communications), Issue 1, October 1996.

[4] Zhang Bo: “Preface”, see “Proceedings of the China Confucius Temple Preservation Association” compiled by the China Confucius Temple Preservation Association, Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2004 edition, p. 3 pages.

[5] Chen Shuguo: “History of Chinese Etiquette” published by Hunan EducationSociety, 1998 edition.

[6] Jiang Fan and Ai Chunhua: “Preface to the Music of Confucius Temple in China”, China International Broadcasting Publishing House, 2001 edition.

[7] Compiled by China Confucius Temple Protection Association: “Proceedings of China Confucius Temple Protection Association”, Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2004 edition.

[8] Editor-in-Chief Kong Deping, written by Peng Qingtao: “General Explanation of Memorials at Qufu Confucius Temple”, Modern Publishing House, 2007 edition.

[9] Xu Yuning: “Preface”, see Wang Xiaobing: “Nanzong Sacrifice to Confucius”, Zhejiang National Publishing House, 2008 edition.

[10] Kong Deping, Peng Qingtao, Meng Jixin: “Research on the Rites and Music of Confucius”, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 2009 edition.

[11] Compiled by Yang Yitang: “The Ceremony of Sacrifice to Confucius”, Shandong Education Electronics and Video Publishing House, 2009 edition.

[12] See the Taipei City Confucius Temple Management Committee: “Confucius in the World: Confucius Temples and Sacrifice Codes” International Academic ResearchJM Escorts Symposium Proceedings” “Preface 1”, 2010.

[13] Huang Jinxing: “Entering the Holy Land – Power, Belief and Legitimacy”, Zhonghua Book Company, 2010 edition.

[14] Kong Xianglin and others “Yes.” Lan Yuhua nodded. Author: “Study on Confucius Temples in the World”, Central Compilation and Publishing House, 2011 edition.

[15] Qu Yingjie: “History of Confucius Temple”, Social Sciences Literature Publishing House, 2011 edition.

[16] Qian Chunsong: “Institutionalized Confucianism and its Disintegration”, Renmin University of China Press, 2012 edition. This book is revised by the author based on the book “Institutional Confucianism” published by Shanghai People’s Publishing House in 2006. His 2001 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences doctoral thesis “The Disintegration of Institutionalized Confucianism (1895-1919)” should be the ideological foundation and source of the above two books.

[17] Qian Chunsong: “Institutionalized Confucianism and its Disintegration”, China Renmin University Press, 2012 edition, pp. 114-115.

[18] Qian Chunsong: “Institutionalized Confucianism and its Disintegration”, China Renmin University Press, 2012 edition, page 115.

[19] Qian Chunsong: “Institutionalized Confucianism and its Disintegration”, China Renmin University Press, 2012 edition, pp. 122-124.

[20] Editors-in-chief Cui Yongquan and Liu Hongyu: “The Dream of the Future of Chinese Confucian Temples (Confucius Temples) – China Confucius Temple Protection Association”Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Society”, Jilin Publishing Group/Jilin Literature and History Publishing House, 2013 edition.

[Hearing the words “You will not marry unless you are the king”, Pei’s mother finally couldn’t help but laugh. 21] Dong Xining: “Research on Memorials at Confucius Temple”, China Social Sciences Press, 2014 edition.

[22] Editor-in-chief Li Wen: “The Contemporary Value of the Civilization Efficacy of Confucius Temples – Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the China Confucius Temple Protection Association”, Guangxi Minshu Publishing House, 2014 edition.

[23] Zhu Honglin: “Confucius Temple Sacrifice and Township Agreement”, Life·Reading·New Knowledge Sanlian Bookstore, 2014 edition.

[24] Editor-in-Chief Chen Hongxing: “The Watch and Expansion of Confucius Temple Civilization”, Jamaicans SugardaddyJilin Literature and History Publishing House, 2016 edition.

[25] Jiang Shuhong: “Research on Qing Confucianism in Worshiping Confucius Temple”, Mulan Civilization Publishing House, 2017 edition.

[26] Liu Xubing, Fang Wei: “Research on the Etiquette of the Buddhist Temple of Confucius”, Zhonghua Book Company, August 2017.

[27] Compiled by China Confucius Temple Protection Association and Jingde County Cultural Recreation Development Committee: “Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of China Confucius Temple Protection Association”, Cultural Relics Publishing House , October 2017.

[28] Editor-in-chief Song Lilin: “New Rites and Music”, Huaxia Publishing House, January 2018.

[29]JM Escorts China Confucius Temple Protection Association, Pan Security Committee of the Communist Party of China Propaganda Editor: “The Development Road of Confucius Temples in China in the New Era”, National Daily Publishing House, 2018 edition.

Editor in charge: Yao Yuan

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