[Yao Haitao] Governing filial piety with propriety and following righteousness and Tao – Xunzi’s view of filial piety and its inspiration
[Yao Haitao] Governing filial piety with etiquette and following righteousness and Tao
——Xunzi’s view of filial piety and its inspiration
Author: Yao Haitao (Qingdao City University)
Source: The author authorizes Confucianism.com to publish
Originally published in “Gansu Theoretical Journal” Issue 5, 2016
[AbstractKey]Xunzi inherited the traditional Confucian thought of filial piety and combined it with the basic theoretical framework of his own thoughts such as the theory of human nature and evil, etiquette, and music, forming a view of filial piety that is compatible with Confucius and Mencius but is self-contained. . With the “differentiation of human nature”, we try to alleviate the inherent tension between the theory of evil nature and the concept of filial piety. Because it attaches great importance to rituals and music, it has the concept of filial piety that rituals nourish desires, rituals nourish the body, and rituals are used to differentiate. Because it attaches great importance to the inner thinking of “unifying the class”, it has the concept of filial piety of “using class to carry out miscellaneous things, using one thing to carry out all things”, following righteousness and Tao, and using power to achieve change. Xunzi’s view of filial piety has important reference significance for us to carry forward excellent filial piety civilization and deal with the aging society.
[Keywords]Filial piety; courtesy to nourish desires; respect the beginning and the end cautiously; use authority to achieve change
[Chinese Library Classification Number]B222.6 [ Document identification code] A [Article number]
Everything Species will go through a process from birth to death, from prosperity to decline, and this process is inevitable and irreversible. Therefore, it is natural to form two ways of “facing”: one is the barbaric law of survival of the fittest and replacing the old with the new; the other is the humanistic civilized law of respecting the old and loving the weak. As long as civilized and wise humans choose the second “face” method. As a common civilized choice for human beings, filial piety is only China’s special example and has developed it to a superb and moderate level.
Confucianism has attached great importance to the parent-child relationship since Confucius. It can be said that the parent-child relationship is the inner origin of Confucian civilized filial piety and the origin and foundation of filial piety. The definition of “filial piety and brotherhood are the foundation of benevolence” in the Analects and Confucius’s determination that “father and son hide from each other” is a straight line. These fully reflect the importance Confucius attaches to filial piety. Filial piety is the main concept in Confucian civilization. This concept has been nurtured by the Chinese nation for a long time and is particularly evident in Confucianism. Pre-Qin Confucians Confucius, Mencius, and Xun all had this concept and their internal reasoning was consistent, which can demonstrate the true spirit of Confucianism. How is the common emotion and emotion of filial piety expressed in “Xunzi”? What significance does the expression of “Xunzi” have for Confucian filial piety civilization and modern times?
The word filial piety appears 19 times in The Analects. Jamaica Sugar is found 29 times in the book “Mencius”. PassThere are thirty-two chapters in the “Xunzi” in the current version. There is still controversy in the academic circles as to which chapters were written by Xunzi. So leave it here and ignore it. Therefore, we adopt the common opinion in the academic circles. The book “Xunzi” basically represents the academic thinking of Xunzi’s school of Confucianism. The word “filial piety” appears 47 times in the book “Xunzi”, basically in the form of “filial piety”, “treason” and other words. This shows that Xunzi attaches great importance to the concept of filial piety. In addition, the book “Xunzi” never criticized Zengzi, the founder of the Simeng school. Instead, he repeatedly appeared as “a person who discusses filial piety” (Zengzi appeared 9 times in “Xunzi”, 8 times as a commentator). Filial piety. As we all know, Zengzi is the main inheritor of Confucianism and is known as the “Zongsheng”. He participated in the compilation of “The Analects” and his works include “Great Learning”. href=”https://jamaica-sugar.com/”>Jamaicans Escort, “The Book of Filial Piety”, “Zengzi Ten Chapters”, etc.), it can be seen that Xunzi highly recognized the Confucian concept of filial piety represented by Zengzi. Since the emergence of Confucius, the Confucian concept of filial piety has been vigorously developed and passed down by Confucian disciples, especially Zengzi, and has been deepened by Mencius. It has developed into a grand view of Xunzi. Xunzi criticized the “Five Elements” theory of the Simeng school in the chapter “Not the Twelve Sons”, and criticized Mencius’ “theory of good nature” in other chapters, but he never criticized his thoughts on filial piety. For example, when criticizing Chen Zhong and Shi Ya, he pointed out that “it is not enough to unite the masses, and the next chapter will be divided.” According to Yang Liang’s interpretation, the meaning of “big divide” is “big divide, which means the great meaning of loyalty and filial piety.” [1]P91
Xunzi inherited the traditional Confucian thought of filial piety and combined it with the theoretical framework of his own thoughts such as the theory of human nature and evil, etiquette, and music, forming a composition similar to that of Confucius and Confucius. Meng Jie was able to adapt to the concept of filial piety and have its own logical system and theoretical characteristics.
1. Human nature is differentiated: the resolution of the tension between the theory of evil nature and the concept of filial piety
Can filial piety stem from human conscience? This is a prerequisite question that people must face whether they can practice filial piety. If Jamaica Sugar if human nature does not include the concept of filial piety, or even excludes the concept and behavior of filial piety, then why should people have filial piety? What about consciousness? The theory of evil nature is an important aspect of Xunzi’s thinking. There has been sufficient academic discussion on the theory of sexual evil and will not be elaborated here. How can we practice filial piety if we are inherently evil? It can be seen that there is a logical tension between the evil nature and the concept of filial piety in Xunzi’s thinking. According to Xunzi’s point of view, “Human nature is evil, and the good ones are hypocritical.” [1] “Evil Nature” “Heaven is not selfish but Zeng, Qian, and Xiaoji are the same as everyone else, but Zeng, Qian, and Xiaoji are unique in Why is it that the reality of filial piety is all about the name of filial piety? “[1] “Evil Nature” Xunzi believes that the origin of filial piety is not inconsistent with his position on the evil nature of nature. Of course human nature is evil, but whether you can indulge your own nature and whether you can choose to conform to etiquette are the inner standards.Depends on the unfettered will of man. The logical fulcrum of human nature’s inherent evil is the similarity between humans and animals. The logical fulcrum of the theory of goodness of nature is the difference between humans and animals. Xunzi’s proposal of evil nature is precisely from the perspective of “transforming nature into falsehood” and approaching the positive flower and fruit – filial piety – from the negative side.
In Xunzi’s view, filial piety can reflect the similarities between humans and animals. “Anyone with flesh and blood must have knowledge, and all those with knowledge will love their own kind.” [1] “The Theory of Rites” is based on the awareness of love for kind, and animals all have the instinct to love their own kind. Birds and beasts all love their own kind, and they will sing, call, and other behaviors towards their lost and dead ones, not to mention people. People are the wisest among all things and can live above all things. Therefore, “an old friend is to his relatives until death.” [1] “On Rites” It is impossible for people to forget their relatives day by day. There may even be obsessive feelings. The reason is primarily based on the same sense of love between humans and birds and beasts.
On the other hand, humans must be different from animals on the issue of filial piety. Obviously, “animals have father and son but no relationship between father and son, and there are males and females but no distinction between male and female, so there are differences in human nature.” [1] “Feixiang” One of the characteristics that distinguishes humans from animals is that humans have The distinction between men and women can maintain the parent-child relationship throughout life. At this point, beasts and animals are obviously not the same as humans. The value of human nature is clearly reflected in the debate between humans and animals. The relationship between father and son and the distinction between men and women are proper etiquette, and they are also principles of human nature that people are willing to practice wholeheartedly throughout their lives.
Why is it that only humans have developed a sense of filial piety? Xunzi discussed the theoretical basis of filial piety from the perspective of the anthropological origin of filial piety – “ancestral roots”. “There are three books of rites: Jamaicans SugardaddyLiuhe is the foundation of life; ancestors are the foundation of species; ruler and master are the foundation of governance. If there is no Liuhe, evil will come from it? If there is no monarch and teacher, then evil will be destroyed? “[1] “The Ancestor of the Book of Rites” is one of the three human beings. “You…what did you call me?” Xi Shixun’s eyes suddenly widened and he looked at her in disbelief. the foundation. The consciousness of ancestor reverence developed from the consciousness of reverence for ancestors’ reproduction. Jamaica Sugar After entering the patriarchal clan society, the ancestors are the distant “fathers” with a sense of vicissitudes of history, so they should “filial piety and respect” to their fathers. The consciousness of “respect” will naturally appear. Xunzi, with his wise historical insight, touched upon the fundamental issue of anthropological origin of filial piety, such as the “ancestral origin” of filial piety. As Mr. Zhang Xianglong believes, “When a person’s inner time consciousness reaches a level that can be reversed between generations,… the consciousness of filial piety begins.Hajime appeared. This can be a sign of being a modern person. “[2]19
Filial piety in a genetic sense is an anthropological topic and is closely related to the entire human evolutionary process. But this has nothing to do with the generation between humans and their parents. It can be said that filial piety, in a sense, is in line with both Eastern and Western sensibilities. Value-based choices. In ancient times, filial piety allowed the transfer of experience between generations. Finding survival skills from the experiences of parents and elders was the most convenient way to improve the survival ability of the next generation. In addition, humans are transitioning from barbarism to civilization. Compromise already has higher value sensibility and pursuit of humanity, and will also “choose” filial piety as a specific development The present method.
The emergence of filial piety also ensures that the human heart slows down and lets go of the past. , the present, and the future constitute a flow of time. The same is true for everyone (including the dead and the unborn). Therefore, from ancient times to the present, filial piety has an eternal meaning that resonates throughout the past and present. Without filial piety, you will not enter such a natural realm, and you will not be able to experience the emotional impact and realm it brings. If human survival becomes a purely biological one, it will only have negative consequences for human inheritance and civilization. Value and significance.
We can see that Xunzi tried his best to bridge the contradiction between desire and propriety, the contradiction between individual and group, and blood relationship from the standpoint of “differentiation of human nature”. Xunzi tried to alleviate the tension between the cultural preservation format and the field of human civilization preservation with the idea of ”differentiation of human nature”. Therefore, he attaches great importance to the concept of etiquette, and many scholars believe that etiquette is closely related to filial piety. The manifestation of inner emotions must also be realized under the guidance of etiquette in the process of its outward expression. It can be said that etiquette is Xunzi. The most important basis for the implementation of filial piety. On the basis of etiquette, Xunzi developed a unique and systematic view of filial piety. Carefully end, life and death are the same, follow righteousness and Tao, and use power to achieve change.
Second, follow the etiquette. The view of filial piety that nourishes desires, nourishes the body with propriety, and differentiates with propriety
Confucius’s theory of filial piety is concentrated in “The Analects of Confucius·For Politics” In the situation where the disciples asked about filial piety, Confucius gave random guidance to the disciples’ studies. The general expression is: “No violation. “, “When you are born, do things with etiquette; Jamaica Sugar Daddy passes away, bury him with etiquette, and sacrifice him with etiquette. “[Jamaica Sugar3] “For Politics” “Parents only have their illnesses.”Worry. “[3] “Wei Zheng”, “Today’s filial piety is said to be able to support. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised; if they are disrespectful, why should they be different? “, [3] “For Politics” “Sex is difficult. When you have something to do, your disciples do your work, and when you have wine and food, do you ever think you are filial? “[3] The more important expositions in “Wei Zheng” and “The Analects of Confucius” are also in “Li Ren”: “Parents should give advice when doing things. When you see that you don’t follow your will, you respect and don’t violate it, and you work hard without complaining. “[3] “Li Ren”
From these discussions, we can see that the connotation of filial piety in Confucius mainly includes not violating the wishes of parents and being respectful to parents while they are alive. Serve. After the death, funerals and memorials must be done in a proper manner and parents should not be overstepped. Worry. Filial piety must come from inner respect. Just working for your parents and providing food and clothing for your parents cannot be called filial piety. The outstanding point and uniqueness of the concept of filial piety is mainly reflected in the understanding of Shun We will discuss this later. Although Confucius also talks about treating parents with courtesy, it is not as clear as Xunzi. And pay attention to it. Xunzi raised the filial piety to the deceased to the highest level. The deceased should be treated with the highest degree of honor and filial piety – propriety to nourish the desire, propriety to nourish the body, etiquette to differentiate. Interrupting the long and continuing the short, with excess loss and lack of benefit, expresses love and respect, and cultivates the beauty of righteousness. “[1] “On Rites” The dual role of rituals in life habits and tools of national governance makes the emotional motifs regulated by rituals also have two dimensions – rituals to nourish the body, and rituals to differentiate. rituals. In terms of nourishing desires, it means that in the process of performing filial piety outside of etiquette, it plays a role in channeling desire. Rituals are filial piety feelings. Expression method. “The five flavors of the rice beams add fragrance to the nose, so it nourishes the mouth; the pepper, orchid and fragrant biscuits nourish the nose; the grinding, engraving, embroidery, and articles nourish the eyes; bells, drums, and pipes The harp, harp, yun and sheng are used to nourish the ears; sparing the room, arranging the appearance, sitting on the bed, and having several banquets are used to nourish the body. Therefore, ritual means nourishment. ” [1] “On Rites”
Xunzi here starts from the true meaning of filial piety and analyzes the basic requirements for parents’ material support. To govern filial piety with etiquette, we must start from Starting from the details of every aspect of your career , satisfying all aspects of the senses – taste, vision, hearing, smell, etc. “Rituals to nourish the body” means that the basic life support of parents should also be in line with etiquette. There are names for both light and heavy. “[1] “Ritual differentiation” in “Fu Guo” means that the support for parents must also conform to the parents’ own status and other specific etiquette standards.
Filial piety Since Confucius, both support and respect have been emphasized. Of course, material support is important, but spiritual respect and honesty are even more important. The most basic. Filial piety is rooted in the heart and is revealed through color, speech, behavior, and soul. Mencius proposed the distinction between “nurturing the body” and “nurturing the mind.” The so-called “nurturing the body” refers to providing food and clothing to parents. The physical level required by the body is higher than the physical level. It requires spiritual care and communication with parents.Spirit communication. Now with the arrival of China’s aging society, the spiritual comfort of JM Escorts in the empty nest becomes particularly important. There are also frequent reports of real-life cases of old people resorting to legal action in order to see their children more often. “Go home often and check the situation” expresses the common expectation of the society.
3. The concept of filial piety, respecting the beginning and being careful about the end, and maintaining the same fate as life and deathJM Escorts
The time span of filial piety will touch everyone’s life, and its essence is to maintain health and save life. Zeng Zi said: “Be cautious about pursuing the long term, and the people’s virtues will be strong.” [3] “Xue Er” and “The Doctrine of the Mean” say: “Things die as things were born, things die as things survive, this is the ultimate filial piety.” [3] “The Doctrine of the Mean”. 》Xunzi It is believed that “things die as things were born, things die as things exist, they are almost invisible, but they are written down.” [1] “On Rites” Funeral ceremonies and sacrifices no longer have religious meanings, but have completely become poetic expressions. [4]P135
Filial piety involves both before and after death, which is the consensus of Confucianism. For most Chinese people, filial piety was not a problem when their parents were alive. In order to make this filial piety more sincere, extending filial piety to infinity has become a theoretical pursuit. Confucianism regards the issue of filial piety after death as important as before death. In this way, filial piety will not change with the death of the parents.
Xunzi also believed that “Rites are those that govern survival. Birth is the beginning of a person; death is the end of a person: good from beginning to end, human nature is complete. . Therefore, a righteous person should respect the beginning and be careful about the end. This is the way and etiquette of a righteous person. “It is the way of a man to respect his knowledge and belittle his ignorance.” [1] “On Rites” Xunzi’s rule of filial piety with propriety. On the basis of this, it is believed that human nature should adhere to the principle of respecting the beginning and ending cautiously, and keeping a close eye on life and death. He regarded this principle as “the ultimate traitor of a treacherous official and a rebellious son.” This person has passed away and is no longer a living person, but he is still a human being and should still be treated with courtesy as a human being. If you only show filial piety to those who are aware and show indifference to those who are unaware, it is the way of a traitor rather than the way of a righteous person. The importance Confucians attach to funerals can be seen from the “Etiquette”, the Commentary on the Thirteen Classics. There are seventeen chapters of “Rites” in existence, covering all aspects of human life from birth to death. But there are four chapters on funeral rites and three chapters on memorial rites. Starting from the rule of filial piety through etiquette, Xunzi Jamaica Sugar discussed the issue of filial piety after death. Xunzi believed that funeral ceremonies should reflect differences according to the status of the deceased during his lifetime. The scope of participation in the funerals of emperors, princes, officials, scholars, common people, and criminals with remaining sentences should be different, and the standards of funeral ceremonies should be different.
The filial piety reflected in funerals can be seen in the blood filial piety theory of “equal filial piety” shared by Confucianism. Xunzi firmly supported Confucianism in the three years of mourning. “Three years of mourning, why? It is said: To express feelings and establish a text is to decorate the group, to separate relatives and distances, and to distinguish between high and low, and it is not a gain or loss. Therefore, it is said: There is no easy-to-adapt technique.” [1] “On Rites” 》Three years of mourning is a universal etiquette. During the three years of mourning, etiquette must be regulated in terms of color, sound, food and drink, clothing, residence, etc.
, Emotions and functions are related to the inner surface and the inner surface, running in parallel and mixed, which is the flow of etiquette.” [1] “On Rites” also takes grandness and simplicity as the outline. Comprehensive use of decoration and emotion. Don’t cry or grieve excessively and hurt your body and mind. This is the appropriate etiquette. Appropriate sobs and sorrow are necessary, but the etiquette and etiquette must also be complete to express “longest condolences” to the deceased. Crying, as a method of emotional expression, is a heartfelt sense of “presence” and a constant pull in life. Xiaoyou has acquired some energy similar to religious ecstasy. Emotion and rationality meet, communicate, and intertwine here. Through this kind of religious ceremony, the “dead” can be “resurrected” and can communicate with the “living”. In other words, the “living” can temporarily “die” and gain personal experience of death. As a result, the meaning of life and death is revealed, and the meaning of life and death is further strengthened. Confucius’ “If you don’t know life, how can you know death?” Isn’t the emphasis on life also expressed through the antithesis of death? This meaning pointed out by Xunzi continues to be of great significance to the genes of the Chinese nation.
Those who have a close blood relationship with the deceased will reorganize their current emotions and future in the process of collective sacrifice and commemoration of the deceasedJamaica Sugar Daddy Directions. Etiquette and benevolence, emotion and sensibility, reverence and longing, life and death have reached a certain sense of unity. People who are in this funeral situation will also awaken their emotions and enlighten their wisdom while watching. They will also be impressed and gain meaning because they have had similar personal experiences. Filial piety should be maintained consistently and consistently. Today’s society is a market society that values effectiveness and practicality. The deceased are often ignored JM Escorts because of their “uselessness”, especially in funerals. Etiquette is often omitted or even ignored. Therefore Jamaica Sugar the country must show some performance in policy support. For example, during the filial piety holidays and the Tomb-Sweeping Festival, it helps to cultivate filial piety in society.
4. Obey the righteousnessThe Tao and the concept of filial piety that lead to power and change
In the Confucian view, the self and the parents are closely related , in a sense, they are one body. Individual life actually belongs to a vast flow of life from ancestors to oneself. Ancestors, families, and individuals are separated but united into one. In an ideal state, there will be no conflict between oneself and his parents. If there is a conflict, JM Escorts will certainly suppress the individual and submit to the flow of life. After all, in reality, there are many situations where parents and children have different opinions. If parents make mistakes, their children have the responsibility to dissuade them. What should I do if my parents don’t obey? For example, Confucius, from the perspective of respect, believed that future generations should not violate their parents’ wishes.
As for why Shun married without telling her, Mencius gave this explanation. Mencius said: “There are three kinds of unfilial piety, and the greatest is not having an heir. Shun married without telling him, because he had no heir. A gentleman would think that he should sue even more.” [3] “Li Lou Shang” Mencius’ explanation of Shun marrying without telling him is fully revealed. This shows his contingency awareness on the issue of filial piety. Mencius believed, “If you don’t obey your relatives, you can’t be a son.” [3] “Li Lou Shang” states that great filial piety means “getting close to relatives” and “admiring your parents all your life.” Because Shun did not win the hearts of his parents, he Even though he has obtained a powerful position and a beautiful wife, he is not satisfied and still longs for his parents. The difficulty, persistence and contingency of Shun’s filial piety can be seen.
Jamaicans Escort1. The concept of filial piety that can lead to change
The “father and son hide themselves from each other” approach advocated by Confucius is a way to achieve change under the standards of etiquette and justiceJamaicans Escortflexible. Xunzi faced the possible conflict between filial piety and loyalty with a future-oriented perspective, and made an exploratory answer. Xunzi attaches great importance to the inner thought of “unifying the class” and puts forward the concept of filial piety of following righteousness and Tao, using power to achieve change, using class to practice miscellaneous things, and using one line to practice ten thousand things.
Since filial piety is a righteous act that both parties participate in in the perspective of etiquette, Xunzi even proposed that both father and son should have their own rights and obligations. This is a great breakthrough from the previous Confucian ideas of filial piety. Xunzi said in the words of Confucius, “If you have relatives, you cannot repay them. If you have children and ask for filial piety from them, it is not forgiveness.” “[1] “Faxing” A gentleman must have three kinds of forgiveness. This isOne of the ways to forgive is that you have parents who refuse to support you, but you ask your son to be filial to you. This is not appropriate.
“There are three reasons why a disobedient son disobeys his orders: if he obeys his orders, his family will be in danger; if he disobeys his orders, his family will be safe. Not obeying orders is righteousness; obeying orders means being a beast; disobeying orders means grooming; disobeying orders means being reverent, so it can be disobeyed. To obey is to be disobedient; to obey without being able to do so is to be disloyal; to understand the meaning of never obeying, but to be respectful, loyal, and cautious in doing so can be called great filial piety.”[1] “Zidao” If the son really does not obey his parents for the sake of his parents’ safety, honor and disgrace, and out of righteousness and respectJamaicans EscortThe situation of ordering is completely acceptable. Xunzi carefully considered the flexibility of filial piety. Xunzi proposed to “migrate with the times” and “respect the world”. When there are differences in time and space, we should adapt to filial piety. There is an obvious utilitarian and rational calculation in this contingency. Xunzi also borrowed the words of Confucius and said, “If you examine the reason why you follow it, it is called filial piety, and it is called chastity.” [1] “Zidao” requires a detailed analysis of the situation encountered and flexible handling.
2. Follow Tao but not the king, follow righteousness but not the father – the choice of loyalty and filial piety
Xunzi’s view of filial piety It is divided into three levels – small bank, middle bank and large bank. “Being filial and being filial to the younger brother is a small way of doing things. Being obedient to others is a way of doing things among people. Following the Tao but not the king, being righteous but not being obedient to the father is a big way of doing things.” [1] “Zidao” Contribution at Home Parents, respect your elders outside the home. This is the first level of morality. “Be obedient to superiors and be sincere to subordinates. This is the second level of moral character, “Medium conduct”; obey “Tao” and “righteousness”, even if it means neglecting the king and father, this is the The third level of morality is “great conduct”.
Xunzi regards “obeying righteousness and following Tao” as the highest rule for resolving filial piety conflicts. “The father is responsible for the prosperity of the family. One prosperity leads to rule, and two causes chaos.” [1] “Zhi Shi” can be seen that Xunzi fully confirmed the authoritative position of father’s power in the family. In the chapter “You Sitting”, Xunzi mentioned that Confucius’s way of handling the lawsuit between father and son was not to simply kill him to warn and intimidate everyone. Because filial piety is the inevitable result of inner feelings being expressed externally. Simply relying on inner personal power, strict laws, and meticulous etiquette may lead to fearJamaicans Sugardaddy But it turns out that the decision to leave her son lies in her hands. The decision to stay and leave the daughter-in-law will be determined by her decision, and the next six months will be an observation period. And the heart of convincing people. Confucius uses the inner father and sonJamaica Sugar DaJamaicans Sugardaddyson.
Mencius’s “There are three kinds of unfilial piety, the greatest is not having offspring.” The first shot was fired at foolish filial piety based on the principle of universal power and change. Xunzi used the word “disobedience” to launch a serious challenge to the absolute authority of paternity for the first time.
The book “Xunzi” juxtaposes and compares treacherous ministers and rebellious sons three times. The expression of the fantasy state of the relationship between king and father is loyalty and filial piety. But reality is cruel, and conflicts between loyalty and filial piety are often the norm. Xunzi did not stick to the original Confucian view of filial piety and realized the conflict between filial piety and loyalty. Confucius attaches great importance to Jamaica Sugar the parent-child relationship, and believes that the relationship between monarch and minister is not as important as the parent-child relationship. The “Great Revenge Theory” in “The Age” also highlights the greatness of the blood relationship, and it can also be concluded that the relationship between parent and child is more important than the relationship between monarch and minister. In the Guodian Chu Slips, “If you are a father, you will be a king; if you are not a king, you will be a father.”[5]131. Jamaicans Escort It can be seen that when it comes to the issue of loyalty and filial piety, the whole age period insists that father is more important than king, and filial piety is more basic than loyalty. The reason may be that Jamaicans Sugardaddy During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, because the country was not unified, the sense of patriotism and loyalty to the emperor was not as strong as it was during the Unification Period, and filial piety had no place at all. Undoubtedly, distance should be placed above loyalty.
At the end of the Warring States Period where Xunzi lived, the trend of unification became more and more obvious, so Xunzi also had to make some theoretical preparations for the coming era of unification. On the issue of filial piety and loyalty, Xunzi quoted the saying in the Book of Songs as “The ruler is the parent of the people.” He also believes that “the father can give birth to him, but he cannot raise him; the mother can feed him, but he cannot teach him; the king is already able to feed him, and he is also good at teaching him. [1] “Rites” Parents As long as the kindness of upbringing does not have the effect of teaching, and the monarch’s governance of society and the enlightenment and influence of the people are similar to those of a saint, so Jamaicans SugardaddyThe feelings for the monarch should be higher than the feelings for the parents
Thus. It can be seen that the choice of Confucianism before Xunzi on the relationship between loyalty and filial piety is that filial piety is more basic than loyalty, and filial piety and loyalty come first.The key figure who made the most fundamental change in the relationship was Xunzi. Loyalty and filial piety are questioned here. The standard of questioning is morality and righteousness. During the turbulent Warring States period when the princes were bloodthirsty, Xunzi proposed “the art of never getting tired of holding favors and positions throughout one’s life” [1] in “Zhongni” to compromise with reality, making loyalty more important than filial piety in a theoretical sense.
The sublation of Xunzi’s view of filial piety to the traditional Confucian view of filial piety is a change and evolution in the history of Confucian view of filial piety, and it is a smooth and adaptive link. This is probably related to the academic and social atmosphere of Jamaicans Sugardaddy at the end of the Warring States Period. During the Warring States Period, people entered a new era of vitality and vitality. The emerging class is often an opponent of the old social ideas and customs. New ideas that are more enlightened and practical are more in line with social expectations, and it is easier to gain social recognition. In short, Xunzi’s view of filial piety was a response to the practical problems at that time, and made theoretical preparations for the Western Han Dynasty to govern the country with filial piety, and to transform from individual filial piety to overall loyalty. The path to realize filial piety is undoubtedly diversified. It is a systematic project under the joint influence of the country, the supreme ruler, teachers, rituals and music, laws, individuals and other parties. Every participant has his or her own responsibilities and must play an indispensable role.
References:
[1] Wang Xianqian. Edited by Shen Xiaohuan and Wang Xingxian. Annotation of Xunzi’s Collection [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2012.
[2] Zhang Xianglong. Filial piety temporality and anthropology [J]. Zhongzhou Academic Journal, 2014, (5): 11-20.
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[3] Zhu Xi. Annotations on Chapters and Sentences of the Four Books [M]. Beijing: China Jamaica SugarHua Book Company.1983.
[4] Feng Youlan. A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy[ M]. Tianjin: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Publishing House. 2007. But because it was difficult to disobey his parents’ orders, Xiao Tuo could only accept it. “Yes, but in the past few days, Xiaotuo has been chasing me every day. Because of this, I can’t sleep at night. When I think about it
[5] Li Ling. Guodian Reading Notes on Chu Bamboo Slips[M]. Beijing: Peking University Press. 2002.
Editor in charge: Jin Fu